How to Become an SAT Tutor - Some Helpful Hints

How to Become an SAT Tutor - Some Helpful HintsAs a school child, you may have had the pleasure of being tutored by a good teacher or trainer. But, how would you ever learn how to become an SAT tutor?It seems easy enough, but not many people actually know how to do it, even though there are several lessons to master. As such, below are some helpful hints to help you become an SAT tutor without too much trouble.First, and foremost, you need to keep track of your progress - which means you need to practice regularly. Some people think that the easiest way to become an SAT tutor is by spending all your time just tutoring. The reality is that you must practice to become effective.Second, if you are a student and you don't already have a personal mentor, find someone who can give you some guidance and help you out. I've seen a few very experienced SAT tutors offer their services for free, so if they don't cost you anything, why not? If you can find someone who has successfully tutored stu dents in the past, that would be ideal, and they can give you invaluable advice and support.Third, make sure that you can be accessible to your students on a regular basis. Since you're working with a great deal of different kids at once, it's important that you are aware of their schedule and be available to them whenever they want you to be.Fourth, become more flexible - if you find it difficult to get to a certain class because you're tied up with a client, you won't become very effective as a tutor. Be able to relocate to wherever the school may send you and get your work done.Finally, after you obtained your certification, think about having a child's application ready. This way, you can earn a living while your child gets ready for college.

Cheng Long Foreign Language School

Cheng Long Foreign Language School Cheng Long Foreign Language School Teach at Cheng Long Foreign Language Middle School in Kai Feng, HeNan Province, China! www.kfclxx.com. Looking for a couple with BA or BS degrees to teach English to grades 1-9. No age limit, teaching experience, or Chinese language skills required. Apartment and many perks provided, including Chinese lessons and health insurance. Fantastic opportunity at international school. Will help with transportation (flight for couple to at early September and from at late July), Work VISA, and teacher licensing. 8,000 RMB for couple monthly. Low cost of living in slower-paced town rich in history. Vacation: 2 months summer. 8-hour work day.Cheng Long Foreign Language School is a new private school in town. We have 9 grades, grade one through grade nine. Grade 1 to grade 6 is elementary school, grade 7 to grade 9 is middle school. We have really good teaching environment in our school and our students and teachers are friendly to any visitors. Teachers and students are working hard to achieve award-winning status. We are looking forward to good teaching couple applications.

With a Passion for Astronomy, this Kumon Student Wants to Become an Astrophysicist

With a Passion for Astronomy, this Kumon Student Wants to Become an Astrophysicist With a Passion for Astronomy, this Kumon Student Wants to Become an Astrophysicist Ahmed, 13-years-old, Level L Math, Reading Program Completer Not many 13-year-olds have the maturity to know what they want to do with their life and the discipline to set goals to achieve that dream. Well, Ahmed isn’t your typical 13-year-old. He loves the world of science and has a dream of becoming an astrophysicist. “What’s that?” you ask. It’s the study of astrophysics, which is a branch of astronomy concerned with the physical nature of stars and other celestial bodies, and the application of the laws and theories of physics to the interpretation of astronomical observations. To put it simply, the goals of astrophysicists are to discover how the universe works, explore how it began and evolved, and search for life on planets around other stars. This is a subject that Ahmed is absolutely fascinated by! In fact, he’s so passionate about it that he participates every year in Science Olympiad, a nationwide science competition, and is developing a high level of math proficiency in the Kumon Math Program. He knows that he’ll need those skills in order to become an astrophysicist. He tells us about his journey with Kumon and his hopes for the future. Ahmed shakes hands with Kumon North America President Mino Tanabe at the 2018 Kumon Student Conference How has Kumon helped you beyond academics? Kumon has helped me learn discipline and focus. Back when I was in the first grade, I had trouble paying attention in school and wasn’t really a top student like my friends. Then, I found Kumon. My learning improved so much and by the time I was in the second grade, I surpassed all of my friends! I’ve been enrolled for seven years now and feel confident about everything I do. What keeps you motivated in Kumon? My dreams and my goals keep me motivated in Kumon. I have a passion for physics and astronomy and hope to become an astrophysicist someday. All of the math that they do is complicated so I know that I need to perform at a very high level in the subject in order to achieve that goal. Why do you want to become an astrophysicist? I think it’s so fascinating that they get to measure planets, stars, nebulas and galaxies to figure out more about how we got here. I’m intrigued by the thought of whether or not we are alone or if there is more life to explore. I want to be the person that finds another life or finds inhabitable planets. Discover even more student success stories. Note: This is the first article in a new series highlighting the students who attended the 2018 Kumon Student Conference. Every Monday, well share a different story for some extra #MondayMotivation.   You might also be interested in: With a Passion for STEM, this Kumon Student is Effecting Change A Love for Learning Fueled this Students Passion for Protecting the Environment Passion and Dedication are the Key to this Young Computer Coders Success 12-Year-Old Nonprofit Owner Ignites a Passion for Learning in Others With a Passion for Astronomy, this Kumon Student Wants to Become an Astrophysicist With a Passion for Astronomy, this Kumon Student Wants to Become an Astrophysicist Ahmed, 13-years-old, Level L Math, Reading Program Completer Not many 13-year-olds have the maturity to know what they want to do with their life and the discipline to set goals to achieve that dream. Well, Ahmed isn’t your typical 13-year-old. He loves the world of science and has a dream of becoming an astrophysicist. “What’s that?” you ask. It’s the study of astrophysics, which is a branch of astronomy concerned with the physical nature of stars and other celestial bodies, and the application of the laws and theories of physics to the interpretation of astronomical observations. To put it simply, the goals of astrophysicists are to discover how the universe works, explore how it began and evolved, and search for life on planets around other stars. This is a subject that Ahmed is absolutely fascinated by! In fact, he’s so passionate about it that he participates every year in Science Olympiad, a nationwide science competition, and is developing a high level of math proficiency in the Kumon Math Program. He knows that he’ll need those skills in order to become an astrophysicist. He tells us about his journey with Kumon and his hopes for the future. Ahmed shakes hands with Kumon North America President Mino Tanabe at the 2018 Kumon Student Conference How has Kumon helped you beyond academics? Kumon has helped me learn discipline and focus. Back when I was in the first grade, I had trouble paying attention in school and wasn’t really a top student like my friends. Then, I found Kumon. My learning improved so much and by the time I was in the second grade, I surpassed all of my friends! I’ve been enrolled for seven years now and feel confident about everything I do. What keeps you motivated in Kumon? My dreams and my goals keep me motivated in Kumon. I have a passion for physics and astronomy and hope to become an astrophysicist someday. All of the math that they do is complicated so I know that I need to perform at a very high level in the subject in order to achieve that goal. Why do you want to become an astrophysicist? I think it’s so fascinating that they get to measure planets, stars, nebulas and galaxies to figure out more about how we got here. I’m intrigued by the thought of whether or not we are alone or if there is more life to explore. I want to be the person that finds another life or finds inhabitable planets. Discover even more student success stories. Note: This is the first article in a new series highlighting the students who attended the 2018 Kumon Student Conference. Every Monday, well share a different story for some extra #MondayMotivation.   You might also be interested in: With a Passion for STEM, this Kumon Student is Effecting Change A Love for Learning Fueled this Students Passion for Protecting the Environment Passion and Dedication are the Key to this Young Computer Coders Success 12-Year-Old Nonprofit Owner Ignites a Passion for Learning in Others

Better, Cheaper and More Fun! 7 Rosetta Stone Alternatives

Better, Cheaper and More Fun! 7 Rosetta Stone Alternatives Better, Cheaper and More Fun! 7 Rosetta Stone Alternatives When it comes to language learning, theres no one-size-fits-all option.It fact, its easy to get stuck with a learning program that doesnt suit you.Popularity and expense arent guarantees that any software, website or book will work for you.And thats why today, were going to help you shop around.Specifically, were going to help you compare Rosetta Stone with other language learning tools.As you probably already know, Rosetta Stone is an award-winning language learning course that can boast of accolades like the Best Language-learning Software  from PC Magazine, six years in a row.For many, thats enough to immediately buy the product and start learning now. And that may work out just fine!But for language learners who want to look around, crane their necks and say, What else is there?â€"well, this post is for you.Were going to talk about alternatives that can, just as effectively, or maybe more effectively,  teach you the language of your dreams.Some of these programs may help you, per sonally, learn better than Rosetta Stone can. Others you may simply find more fun. And still others well, lets just say there are definitely cheaper and more price-flexible options out there. But its even possible theres something out there that costs about the same or more, yet is still a better value for you as a learner.But before we get to those alternatives, lets first look a little bit closer and see whats at the heart of Rosetta Stone, so we know what were up against. Whats the Deal with Rosetta Stone?If you havent been living under the actual Rosetta Stone, and if youre a serious language learner or seriously thinking about becoming one, youve probably heard of Rosetta Stone. Its a well-established player in the world of language learning.Here are three elements of the Rosetta Stone approach. These will be useful to keep in mind for later, when looking to see if other programs meet your requirements as much as, or more than, Rosetta Stone.The target is the mediumThe Rosett a Stone learning system comes with no translations. If youre trying to learn German, chances are, youll be getting the lessons in German.Huh? What?!Really.Rosetta Stone believes that for students to learn most effectively, they have to immerse head-on in the target language itselfâ€"none of that translating back-and-forth with English.As kids, we learned our first language without the benefit of translations. We simply listened and observed what the adults around us said. We deduced what they meant, and through trial-and-error and countless repetitions, we were able to pick up the language.Learning a language with Rosetta Stone feels very much like this. Its also like staying for a week in a remote area, where nobody speaks a word of English and your smartphone just ran out of power. Its a situation where you might start mixing up basic expressions like My tummy feels funny with Im hungry and not realize your mistake until the person you said it to continues feeding you.In the begin ning of the course, youll feel like so much is going over your head. But the more you get into it, the more things start clickingâ€"things slowly begin to make sense, and the dots get connected. Thats the idea.So youre going to have to do a lot of deducing what the presented words mean. Through repetition and some very helpful pictures, youll be able to learn vocabulary without the need for translations. However, while its completely possible to learn this way, it can be a matter of preference. There are varying degrees of language immersion in the alternative programs listed below.Spoken language is keyWhat good is it if you mentally know all the words, but cant express them in a meaningful way?Rosetta Stone believes that communication is the primary goal of learning any language. So they focus on pronunciation and actual spoken use of the language. The program itself attests that you learn the language, not just the words.Grammar is not taught overtly. Yes, youll be learning gramm ar, but not because the rules were explicitly explained, at least not immediately or extensively. Youll learn to deduce the rules by using the language yourself. Through repetition and practice, youll gradually figure out how your target language works.Speaking is at the core of the game, and Rosetta Stones propriety technology, TruAccent, is a speech engine which is able to listen and help you fine-tune pronunciation so that you slowly begin to sound like a native.So be prepared to talk a lot when working with Rosetta. And hey, no procrastinating on it. Youll be speaking from day one. There are plenty of other programs that take this approachâ€"still others focus more on other skills, so be aware of this when shopping around for the right language program for you.Itll cost you a bitRosetta Stone is available as an online subscription, an instant download or a CD-ROM. It works with both Windows and Mac, and the app is available on iOS and Android.As an example, an online subscriptio n for learning Spanish will run you as follows (prices may change or vary):$79 (3-month access)$119 (6-month access)$179 (1-year access)$249 (2-year access)For some potential learners, these costs may not be a big deal at all, and some may consider it a good deal. Your subscription includes the interactive course, the speech recognition technology and engaging games and activities. However, some language learners may find it too steep. For others, it might not be a matter of whether they can afford it, but whether the money is worth it for what they get.Beyond the price, the more important thing to think about is the programs compatibility with your learning style and preferences. What language areas and skills do you want to focus on?For example, since Rosetta Stone isnt known for a direct focus on grammar, if you want to master grammatical nuances faster, then other programs can do that better for you. Or, if you want studying with smart video clips and to immerse in the language via audio-visual content, then there are programs that focus on that. If you want a more game-fied approach, or a closer sense of community while studying the language, there are programs that bring those elements to the table, front and center.So what other programs out there might be more compatible with your learning expectations? Lets find out.Better, Cheaper and More Fun! 7 Rosetta Stone AlternativesFluentULanguage learning videos are the forte of FluentU. More specifically, authentic language learning videos.If youd like to learn language through the benefits of audio-visual and contextual content, then our program can take you by the hand, right from day one.FluentU aims to be immersive, but its immersive in a more flexible and personalized way than Rosetta Stone. FluentU takes a videoâ€"say a movie trailer, an interview or a music videoâ€"and sprinkles it with some linguistic magic. What our team does is turn ordinary, run-of-the-mill (but fun and interesting) videos into bo nafide language lessons on steroids.With FluentU, you hear languages in real-world contextsâ€"the way that native speakers actually use them. Just a quick look will give you an idea of the variety of FluentU videos on offer:FluentU really takes the grunt work out of learning languages, leaving you with nothing but engaging, effective and efficient learning. It’s already hand-picked the best videos for you and organized them by level and topic. All you have to do is choose any video that strikes your fancy to get started!Each word in the interactive captions comes with a definition, audio, image, example sentences and more.Access a complete interactive transcript of every video under the Dialogue tab, and easily review words and phrases from the video under Vocab.You can use FluentU’s unique adaptive quizzes to learn the vocabulary and phrases from the video through fun questions and exercises. Just swipe left or right to see more examples of the word youre studying.The program e ven keeps track of what you’re learning and tells you exactly when it’s time for review, giving you a 100% personalized experience.Start using FluentU on the website with your computer or tablet or, better yet, download the FluentU app from the iTunes store or Google Play store.DuolingoDuolingos owl mascot has won the hearts of many language learners. With millions of users learning any of the 30+ languages supported (with many more in the pipeline), Duolingo is considered one of the most recognizable language learning platforms.It seems that if you gamify language learning, people flock to your doors. Add the fact that Duolingo, in both the web and the app versions, is free, and you have a pretty potent combination.Duolingo captivates you into playing simple repetitive language games. The activities include pairing words and their translations, forming a proper sentence by tapping a set of words in the proper order or even speaking into your phones mic and reading a sentence al oud. They seem innocent enough, but with robust repetition, youll be slowly picking up vocabulary and grammar and not even really knowing it.Thats why Duolingos a big hit!A study has suggested that 34 hours with Duolingo is equivalent to a semester of university level education, and by those standards, it  may be even more effective than Rosetta Stone. And considering that everythings free, it may be like having a free semester of college.Duolingo also has a lively forum where learners from all over ask their questions, share what they know and dish out some cool resource recommendations. And this community engagement is something else that Duolingo has over Rosetta Stone.The biggest drawback to Duolingo may be the fact that it will only take you up to a certain level, but thats not a reason to avoid it, as there are plenty of ways to continue learning after youve completed a Duolingo course.Rocket LanguagesIf you like Rosetta Stone because of its focus on speech and pronunciation, then youll probably love Rocket Languages for the same reason.This program comes with podcast-type discussions or dialogues where hosts talk about a certain topic (e.g., preparing for a party). Youll hear the target language spoken in a meaningful context. Youre not just memorizing a list of expressions. Youre listening to interactions. And Rocket Languages provides you with the text youll need to keep up with the conversations. Youll have PDF files and you can print those if you want.But the best thing is that the program keeps you talking in the target languageâ€"probably more so than Rosetta Stone. Rocket Languages gives you plenty of opportunities to practice. Voice recognition technology can take a listen and compare your recorded speech with the native speakers and give you feedback.Rocket Languages, like Rosetta Stone, does hit on the four linguistic skillsâ€"speaking, reading, writing and listeningâ€"but theres another element the program excels at more than Rosetta Stone: i ncorporating cultural insights and tidbits into the lessons, which enhances the overall flavor of the course.Rocket Languages is able to do this because it doesnt follow a cookie cutter approach to content development. Each program is unique to the language. So whether its Chinese, Arabic, Spanish or any of the languages on offer, you can be sure that your course has been highly tailored to the nuances of your target language. Rocket Languages may be a bit on the pricier side, but its a formidable learning course.There are three course levels available (prices may change or vary):Level 1 only ($99.95)Levels 1 and 2 ($249.90)Levels 1, 2 and 3 ($259.90)All are one-time payments and include lifetime access to materials and 24/7 email support. The following languages are available from Rocket Languages:ArabicChineseFrenchGermanItalianJapaneseKoreanPortugueseRussianSpanishBabbelFinding out on the first day that there will be no English during the lessons can prove unnerving to many langu age learners.If you want a little handholding, and would rather have your feet get wet before diving in head first, then Babbel might just be the thing for you.Just like with Duolingo, youll be introduced to plenty of basic vocabulary through test-style marathons. Youll find yourself doing a series of tasks, like choosing the correct translation from a list of choices or typing the translation yourself. Through the spaced repetition system thats repeatedly exposing you to words youre having difficulty with, youll gradually pick up plenty of vocabulary.Unlike with Rosetta Stone, youll be more explicitly taught grammar points. Babbel loves to do grammar sidebars and further explain nuances in grammar. Youll be taken behind the scenes and taught how the rules apply. So if you want grammar lessons that are given to you straight, instead of doing trial-and-error sussing them out, then go for Babbel.Check to see if your target language is one of the 14 languages on offer. A monthly subscr iption is available for $12.95.Mango LanguagesFor $19.99 a month, you can have access to lessons and exercises for over 70 languages, including hard-to-find dialects like Urdu, Tamil and Javanese. If you dont find your target language supported by Rosetta Stone or any of the other major language content providers, then Mango Languages has got you covered.You may not even have to fork over your $20. Mango Languages is a unique offering in that it works with a great number of public libraries around the world. This means you may be able to get it absolutely free from yours.Like Rosetta Stone, native speaker voice comparisons and pronunciation practice allow you to get the hang of your target language. You’ll be prompted to enunciate the words, phrases and sentences in the lessons. In addition, cultural insights are built into the lessons so you can understand language from a broader context, making learned vocabulary more memorable and meaningful.A feature (for some languages) that Rosetta Stone doesnt have are the foreign language full-length movies that come with closed captioning. You can do a scene-by-scene study of the films, examining dialogue and grammar.Considering its great variety of supported languages and a possible great deal on price, language beginners might want to check out Mango Languages.MemriseMemrise is an awesome tool for learning vocabulary and phrases. You can download the app or play around on their website with any of the over 200 language courses on offer.Memrises greatest strength is that it taps into the wisdom of crowds. Their language programs are not solely developed by an in-house team of researchers. Users can actually create lessons and share them with everybody. You can curate a list of vocabulary words, say words related to food, and let everybody else benefit from it.Another way users are contributing to the whole here is through mems, or mnemonic devices that can help a word stick. Say youre working on vocabulary flashcar ds for foods in Spanish. You can actually add texts and pictures to the lessons to help make a word memorable. For example, the Spanish word for corn is  maíz.  Some other user who studied the word ahead of you could write something like, Sounds like some hungry kid asking his mom for corn: Ma, iz corn available?' And someone else may  add pictures of corn kernels that spell maíz.Now, not all mems will resonate with you, so you can choose which of the user-generated mems you wish to be highlighted in your own flashcards to help make lessons more fun.Like Duolingo, this sense of community is something Memrise offers that Rosetta Stone doesnt.And oh yeah, its absolutely free!ClozemasterClozemaster is perfect for intermediate and advanced language learners of over 50 languages who want to learn both grammar and vocabulary.The program is sentence mining in its simplest form. Basically, what you have is immersion into sentences in the target language. Youll be exposed to hundreds of th ousands of sentences. Each sentence will have a crucial word blanked. At the start of the game, you can select whether you want a multiple choice or fill-in-the-blanks test type.If Rosetta Stone immerses your ears through the use of spoken language as the medium, youll have similar immersion in written form with Clozemaster.The whole thing is simple enough, and dont be misled by the dated graphics, because the more you work with sentences, the more youll realize their power to instruct you on grammar and vocabulary. Because the words come in a specific context, youll be able to suss out the grammar rules, or the meaning of words after a number of repetitions. Just as Rosetta Stone lets you experience the language and work out for yourself the underlying rules of the language, Clozemaster submits you to an almost infinite number of sentences and lets you connect the dots.And oh, yep, its free!So what are you waiting for? Get to work!With the seven alternatives weve given in this post , youre now in a very good position to conquer your target language. Theres a world out there beyond Rosetta Stone.In fact, dont feel you need to limit yourself to any one language program. If you can, get a combo that works for you.So get on with your language journey.Whether its Spanish, German, Italian or another language, you have access to  affordable and effective learning tools.Good luck!

Learn About Mass to Mass Mole Conversions

Learn About Mass to Mass Mole ConversionsChemical mole transformations have given rise to the concept of mass to mass mole conversions. This concept is vital in the process of chemical analysis, it helps in the conversion of mass to mass.This is because mass can be expressed in terms of mass and the other units. So, when a mass can be expressed in terms of different units it is very easy to convert that mass into another. This concept in its basic form has been used to help in the conversion of other types of compounds also.A scientist, who studies the chemical analysis, has to be well versed with all the units involved in the study of chemistry. It would not be possible for him to do his work without having knowledge of these units. To understand better how mass can be converted into mass, it is necessary to study the concepts behind such conversions.So, when scientists analyze the data of any compound and take an opinion about its chemical composition, they should be aware of the v alue of conversion to mass. As the value of mass for a substance might differ from one experiment to another, it is necessary for them to convert the weight into mass. This can be done with the help of another unit called mole. The value of a mole can be defined as mass times unit of weight.Once the mass of the substance is known, it becomes easy to convert it into the other units like grams, gallons, liters, kilograms etc. The units of mass can be determined easily if the quantity is taken in the right proportion. Once the proportion is found out then it is possible to convert the whole mass into one more mass which is termed as mass to mass.Once the conversion theory is understood, then it becomes very easy to convert the substance into various types of substances. The chemical analysis of any substance can be easily done by using the principle of mass to mass conversion. The chemist has to first analyze the compound and then find out the value of mass.In such conversions, the mol e ratio is also taken into consideration. Once the value of mass has been found out, then it becomes easy to convert it into the appropriate chemical analysis unit.

Chemistry For Environmental Engineering And Science - An Overview

Chemistry For Environmental Engineering And Science - An OverviewIf you want to enter a world where your passion is to create, there is only one way to do it: get yourself an education in the environment, chemistry for environmental engineering and science. Even if you are not much concerned about the environment, you should find this field fascinating. It will open up a new world of possibilities for you.At the first level, environmental engineering is where you will study many things related to pollution. You will discover how to stop pollution using different technologies. This field is important as it aims to solve the problem of pollutants in the environment. Aside from that, you will also find many other things in which you can take part in.Because of the rising number of cases of pollution, the industries are starting to look for alternatives. They are looking at the most promising ones and are now willing to work with the best. The main things to consider when looking for the se alternative solutions are the finances, the availability of manpower, and the credibility of the solution.The perfect solution for most of the situations is the creation of a synthetic environment. Synthetic environmental solutions come in various forms: environmental compounds, petrochemicals, and solid oxide fuels (SOF). Some of the known chemicals that can be used in this area are of the toxic kind, while some of the alternatives are environmentally friendly.Chemistry for environmental engineering and science is not as simple as it looks. The problem is that there are a lot of parameters to be taken into account. There are even more problems when it comes to managing different problems that would put the human population into danger.One must have the unique knowledge of the chemicals that are used in the manufacturing of solutions. By specializing in this field, you would definitely stand a good chance of getting jobs in environmental engineering or science in many of the indu strial facilities and offices around the world.The opportunities in the field of environmental engineering and science are pretty great. By taking the right steps you can really improve your chances of getting a job in the field.

Crash Course Biology - Basic Information About Protein Synthesis

Crash Course Biology - Basic Information About Protein SynthesisThere is a lot of information out there about how proteins are made and what they do. But have you really understood the real importance of proteins? It is because of the discovery of protein synthesis that we can survive on earth. Proteins are important for our body's energy production, biological defense, and can be modified to suit the needs of the body.Our human body requires around three hundred proteins for it to function correctly. The structure of proteins has always been a mystery and this is why it is so difficult to produce new proteins. The human body needs a different pattern for protein synthesis than other species, and this is where biotechnology comes in.A new protein can be synthesized by synthetic biology by using the genetic code and modifying certain amino acids. When it comes to developing proteins for the body, they are more complex and it can be hard to make the right genetic changes to make a prot ein suitable for humans. This is where biotechnology comes in. The challenge is making new proteins, but then if a new one is produced, it means new genes are present in the genome.These genes have the capacity to translate the genetic code into proteins. Now it is possible to create new proteins by combining different amino acids, proteins and DNA. This is called molecular biology. Protein synthesis using molecular biology is a growing trend in the field of science.In biotechnology, it is common to use simple molecules like DNA as the material to create and test proteins. New proteins can be made by combining multiple proteins together. The time taken to perform the process depends on the quantity of proteins required.There are different techniques used in making new proteins such as forcing them into simpler shape and then reshaping them using specific chemicals. Many times, biotechnology and synthetic biology take longer to make the proteins, and then it takes longer for the prot eins to be beneficial for the body.New protein synthesis can be used in medicines, nutrition supplements, and even cosmetic products. Different companies are in constant competition with each other to find out which technique will yield the best results. The time taken to make the new protein or any other ingredient is crucial in every industry.

French Culture 101

French Culture 101 Everything You Need To Know About France: Culture, Language and Etiquette ChaptersForming French Culture: History of the French LanguageFrench Culture and Philosophy: Understanding the WorldFrench Writers and their Impact on French CultureThe Face of France: French Celebrities You Ought to KnowLoving French Culture: Attaining French CitizenshipNo Faux-Pas Possible: The Etiquette of French CultureWhat do you think about when you think about France? French food? Its art and architecture? The Eiffel Tower, perhaps, and the Arc de Triomphe, the palace of the Louvre or other famous monuments? Or the impact of French artists on European art, the Romantic Delacroix, the impressionists such as Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir and Edgar Dégas, or post-impressionists such as Paul Cézanne or Gaugin? Or perhaps its history, with Catherine of Medici’s persecution of the Protestant Huguenots?Or have you considered its languages and their fascinating evolutions, the myth surrounding French celebrities, or its literary heritage? Here is an overview of some fascinating asp ects of French culture you may never have considered.Enlightenment took the intellectual revolution of the Renaissance one step further and paved the way for true scientific research.However, this required a restructuring of how we see the world, and of religion’s place in it.Enlightenment: Baroque PhilosophersThe Age of Enlightenment not only brought us a fairly useless French dictionary (in its quest for Purity, the Académie’s dictionary failed to include perfectly usual colloquial expressions) but one of the great scientific endeavors of all time: the Encyclopédie Universelle. With articles by all the great minds of eighteenth-century France, its editor, Denis Diderot, was himself an intellectual and philosopher. His philosophical musings include The Philosophical Thoughts (1746), an appeal to the reconciliation of reason and feeling, traditionally in opposition, in order to achieve a psychological balance, and The Skeptic’s Walk (1747), a dialogue between a deist, atheis t and pantheist in which each attempts to explain the universe. It was banned for a long time before ever seeing publication (some sources maintain the manuscript was seized by the police as an attack on Christianity), but was finally published posthumously in 1830.The Enlightenment brought about a new way of seeing the world. This was true not only of scientific endeavours, but of politics as well. Two of the great minds of the era wrote treatises on political philosophy: Mirabeau and Montesquieu.The two became acquainted in the army and are notable for their interest in social economy and political anthropology, centuries before such subjects came to be taught at universities.Victor de Riquetis, Marquis de Mirabeau believed that a country’s riches lay in its population, and since that population needed to be fed, a country’s treasure lay in its agriculture rather than trade. His interest in the common man earned him the sobriquet “l’ami des hommes”, the Friend of Man. Hi s treatise on taxation, encouraging direct taxation rather than relying on private “tax famers”, earned him a stint in prison courtesy of the French government and a two-month exile to his estates at Bignon. His views corresponded well with the Physiocratic school of thought founded by Quesnay.Charles Baron de Montesquieu was one of the most famous French philosophers of the Enlightenment. Photo credit: byb64 on Visualhunt.comCharles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu wrote extensively on the philosophy of history, but is best known for his political work The Spirit of the Laws. Montesquieu wanted to do away with the last vestiges of feudal thought as reflected by the États-Généraux, a conclave of representatives from each of the “classes” of society: clergy, aristocracy and commoners. Instead, Montesquieu divided French society into the monarchy, aristocracy and commoners. The kings, as sovereigns, would remain separate from the administrative branch of government, which itself would be divided into the judicial, legislative and executive branches, each tending to its own concerns and keeping an eye on the others by a system of checks and balances - a political system used by many modern democracies. Montesquieu thus influences French politics even today.Turn of the 19th and 20th centuries: Henri Bergson and Paul ValéryHenri Bergson lived between 1859 and 1941. His philosophy was influenced by Kant and Spencer insomuch as a critique of their works allowed him to sketch out his theory on free will, introducing the concept of duration in order to harmonise it with theories of causality and creativity. He also coined the idea of the “élan vital”, or vital impetus, to explain evolution beyond a purely mechanical process. His study of creativity also led him to research what causes laughter.A celebrated poet and mathematician, Paul Valéry wrote a number of musings based on aphorisms or bon mots, some of which he published in articles, others having come from his Cahiers, a diary in which, every day, he put down a thought on any subject, from mathematics to philosophy. His views coincide best with constructive epistomology, but Valéry himself never subscribed to any school.For more influential French philosophers on Superprof, why not take French lessons London?writing his own plays. Mostly satirical, touching on subjects such as religious hypocrisy, hypochondriacs and avarice, his plays were heavily influenced by the Italian commedia dell’arte, and often involved stock characters such as the incompetent doctor, the lover, etc.Through the patronage of Louis-Philippe, brother to Louis XIV, he gained the right to perform at court - to general acclaim, although some of his satire, such as the Tartuffe, caused outrage by hitting the aristocracy just a little too close to home.Jules VerneGenerally considered the father of science fiction, Jules Verne (1828-1905) published fantastical tales that somewhere i ncorporated the most cutting-edge technology of his time, indulging in fantasies of how they might be improved and evolve. Scaphanders, electrical torches, submarines - all found their place in his roaring tales of adventure. From A Thousand Leagues under the Sea and its iconic character, Captain Nemo, to the Journey to the Centre of the Earth to the Mysterious Island, many of the novels from his “Extraordinary Voyages” have been adapted by Hollywood.Only two of his stories were rejected for publication. One, Paris in the 20th Century, paints an eerily accurate picture of a city - in the 1970s, perhaps, before home computers and, of course, smart phones.Jules Verne is a French writer known as the father of science-fiction. Photo credit: sheffieldhammer on VisualhuntHis gift for extrapolating possible technologies based on the possibilities offered by new inventions of his time has influenced a sub-genre of science-fiction, steampunk, in which stories are set Vernesque universes filled with gas lighting, differential engines and dirigeables.Albert CamusBorn of French parents in Algeria, growing up in poverty, Camus studied philosophy and finished his diploma despite suffering from tuberculosis. Though often called an existentialist because of his early friendship with Sartre, he saw himself as an absurdist, seeing the dichotomy between the value of our lives in the grand scheme of things and the value we must give our life to live it to the fullest.He moved to Paris with his second wife in 1940. Having been a member of first the communist, then the anarchist party, he fought in the French Resistance during World War II.Camus worked as a journalist for various magazines and wrote several novels and philosophical treatises; he received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957 his best-known work is L’Étranger (The Stranger), which is part of his absurdist cycle. The Stranger is characterised by the protagonist’s indifference to life around him and the very simple language structure the author uses to underline it. For that reason, it’s a good book for a beginner exercise in reading French.The Face of France: French Celebrities You Ought to KnowWhile for most of the 20th century, France was known for its cinema and music, celebrities of French film such as Brigitte Bardot and Luc Besson are now rather overshadowed by France’s politicians.For example, François Mitterand was, together with America’s Reagan, Russia’s Gorbatchov and Germany’s Helmut Kohl, a symbol of post-war prosperity and change. France’s longest-running president (at a time when the mandate was still for eight years), Mitterand led France from 1981 to 1995. He was a strong voice in the European Economic Community and was one of the main architects of the Maastrich Treaty that founded the European Union in 1993.More recently, Nicolas Sarkozy, French president from 2007-2012, has made the headlines both with controversial policies and a stormy private life. He divorced his wife shortly after the election, met Carla Bruni, a singer and former model, a month later and married her in 2008. The couple gave the Elysée its first presidential baby in 2011.His constitutional reforms, modifying some of the checks and balances between Parliament and the Presidency, are among his more controversial acts while in power.Following Sarkozy in 2012 was François Hollande, France’s most unpopular president to date owing to his reforms on labour laws and pensions. During his presidency, Hollande had an affair with actress Julie Gayet, thus ending his relationship with reporter and acting First Lady Valérie Trierweiler, once more bringing the President’s love life into the papers.By the 2017 elections, Hollande’s approval ratings were so low he decided not to run for a second term, but endorsed Emmanuel Macron instead, who won against Marine Le Pen and is now France’s current president.Loving French Culture: Attaining French CitizenshipIs a yea rly trip to France not enough to satisfy your francophilia? Or do you already live in France and tire of applying for work visas? Angsty about Brexit and eager to have an EU passport? You can try and apply for French citizenship.Of course, the easiest way to become a French citizen is to be born French, or at least in France (if you were born on French soil and have lived more than 5 years in France after your 11th birthday, you automatically become a French citizen at 18), but if your family has been living in France for over 25 years, are over 65 and one of your descendants is a French citizen, you qualify. You can also qualify if you are married to a French national, even if you are not currently living in France (though your spouse must be registered as an expatriate at the local French embassy or consulate.)If none of the above apply but you are over 18 and have been living permanently in France for at least five years and have a basic grasp of the French language, you can cont act your local préfecture and see if you qualify. The process takes some time, as your dossier is sent to the ministry in charge of naturalisation and processed there, then your brand-new papers as a citizen of the French Republic sent back to your local préfecture (or embassy).France supports multiple citizenships, so no need to turn in your British passports!No Faux-Pas Possible: The Etiquette of French CultureNow that you are naturalised a French citizen, you need to be able to function in polite French society! What is proper French etiquette?Remember above all that while French street culture is very informal, French business culture is much more formal than in many other parts of the world. Until you find your footing, always opt for more formality rather than less.Please and Thank-YouIf you are simply having a nice holiday in French, there are four things you need to know:Please is s’il vous plaîtThank-you is merciHello, how are you is bonjour, comment allez-vous? (infor mally: Salut, ça va?)You will be kissed.Meet and greetIn the business world, you will be shaking hands; the formal greeting - “bonjour”, or “Ravi de faire votre connaissance” - comes shortly before the handshake, often with a little pause in-between.French business etiquette is very formal. Photo credit: amtec_photos on Visualhunt.comAnywhere else - you will be kissed. An acquaintance meets you on the street?Hop, la bise!They are introducing you to another acquaintance, or one of their family?Hop, la bise!The bise consists of alternate light kisses on each cheek. Most often the lips don’t truly touch your cheek at all, but you will be grasped by the shoulders.The number of kisses varies from region to region - just go with the flow and you will be fine!Remember to address anyone you meet for the first time with “vous”, until they offer the more informal “tu”.French punctualityGenerally speaking, you should always be on time. However, the French do have a more flui d approach to punctuality, so don’t be surprised if your business appointments are a little late. As the newbie, though, it’s better to err on the safe side and arrive early.Unless, that is, you are invited to someone’s house. Then you should consistently be a quarter of an hour late, to allow the host to make any necessary last-minute touches to the house or meal. If you are running later than 15 minutes behind, you should call to let the hosts know.Polite communicationFrench letters are very, very formal, and e-mails have kept more of that formality than in other countries. A letter should start with “Cher Monsieur (Last Name or le + “man’s title or simply”) or “Chère Madame (Last Name or la + “woman’s title”) and end in any one of several formal parting phrases. The most ubiquitous, perhaps is: “Veuillez agréer, Monsieur/Madame le/la (title or name here), à l’expression de mes salutations distinguées”.As formal as their letter-writing is, most Fren ch people simply answer the phone with “Allô?” You are then expected to say “bonjour” and state your name and business.The French in general keep late hours, but you should not call anyone after 10 PM unless it’s an emergency.Ready to dive into French culture? Why not tune into French radio, watch France 24 or subscribe the French news magazin Paris Match? Or improve your French grammar and vocabulary with one of our Superprof tutors.

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